Impaired Lakes in Wisconsin
136 of 189 graded Wisconsin lakes (72%) are officially listed as impaired under Clean Water Act §303(d) in the most recent EPA ATTAINS reporting cycle. 97 have an approved TMDL restoration plan.
Top Causes of Impairment in Wisconsin
All 136 EPA-Listed Impaired Lakes in Wisconsin
| Lake | County | Grade | Causes | TMDL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| West Okoboji Lake | Dickinson | A | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | — |
| Nine Eagles Lake | Decatur | A | Mercury, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Lambach Lake | Scott | B | Algal growth | ✓ |
| Arrowhead Lake | Sac | C | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Railroad Lake | Scott | C | Algal growth | ✓ |
| Mariposa Lake | Jasper | C | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Mormon Trail Lake | Adair | C | Mercury | — |
| Lake Wapello | Davis | C | Mercury | — |
| Poll Miller Park Lake | Lee | C | Mercury | — |
| Blue Grass Lake | Scott | C | Algal growth | ✓ |
| Lake of the Hills | Scott | C | Algal growth | ✓ |
| Storm Lake Max Depth | Buena Vista | D | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| East Okoboji Lake | Dickinson | D | Mercury | — |
| Mitchell Lake | Black Hawk | D | Algal growth | — |
| Bob White Lake | Wayne | D | Turbidity | ✓ |
| Hickory Grove Lake | Story | D | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Iowa Lk2 Lake | Iowa | D | Algal growth, Mercury, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Iowa Lkt Lake | Iowa | D | Algal growth, Mercury, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Lake Iowa Park Beach | Iowa | D | Algal growth, Mercury, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Iowa Lk1 Lake | Iowa | D | Algal growth, Mercury, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Nodaway Lake | Adair | D | Turbidity | — |
| Loch Ayr Lake | Ringgold | D | Turbidity | — |
| Clear Lake | Cerro Gordo | D | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Hooper Pond Lake | Warren | D | Turbidity | ✓ |
| Manteno Lake | Shelby | D | Oxygen depletion (low DO) | — |
| Lake Cornelia | Wright | D | Turbidity | ✓ |
| Hawthorn Lake | Mahaska | D | Algal growth | ✓ |
| Yellow Smoke Lake | Crawford | D | Mercury | — |
| Otter Creek Lake | Tama | D | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Lake Macbride | Johnson | D | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | — |
| West Lake Osceola | Clarke | D | Oxygen depletion (low DO) | — |
| Spring Lake | Cherokee | D | Turbidity | — |
| Gustafson Lake | Buena Vista | D | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | — |
| Snyder Bend Lake | Woodbury | D | Algal growth, Turbidity | — |
| Fisher Lake | Black Hawk | D | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Big Creek Lake | Polk | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Arrowhead Lake | Pottawattamie | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| White Oak Lake | Mahaska | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | — |
| Crystal Lake Max Depth | Hancock | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Hannen Lake | Benton | F | Algal growth | ✓ |
| Briggs Woods Lake | Hamilton | F | Algal growth, pH / acidity, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Grays Lake | Polk | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | — |
| Union Grove Lake | Tama | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), pH / acidity +1 more | ✓ |
| Casey Lake | Tama | F | Algal growth | ✓ |
| Littlefield Lake | Audubon | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Meyers Lake | Black Hawk | F | Algal growth | — |
| Diamond Lake | Poweshiek | F | Algal growth | — |
| Swan Lake Max Depth | Carroll | F | Algal growth, pH / acidity, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Badger Lake | Webster | F | Turbidity | — |
| Blue Heron Lake | Polk | F | Turbidity | — |
| Greenfield Lake | Adair | F | Turbidity | — |
| Upper Pine Lake | Hardin | F | Algal growth | ✓ |
| Silver Lake Max Depth | Delaware | F | Oxygen depletion (low DO), pH / acidity | ✓ |
| Twelve Mile Lake | Union | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | — |
| Sands Timber Lake | Taylor | F | Turbidity | — |
| Crawford Creek Lake | Ida | F | pH / acidity | — |
| Badger Creek Max Depth Lake | Madison | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| North Twin Lake | Calhoun | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Lake Ahquabi | Warren | F | Turbidity | ✓ |
| Green Valley Lake | Union | F | Algal growth, Oxygen depletion (low DO), pH / acidity +1 more | ✓ |
| Beeds Lake | Franklin | F | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Black Hawk Lake | Sac | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Meadow Lake | Adair | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| East Lake Osceola | Clarke | F | Oxygen depletion (low DO), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Lake Iowa | Iowa | F | Algal growth, Mercury, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Don Williams Lake | Boone | F | Algal growth, Sediment / turbidity, Turbidity | ✓ |
| George Wyth Lake | Black Hawk | F | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Silver Lake | Palo Alto | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Little Wall Lake | Hamilton | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Ellis Lake | Lucas | F | Oxygen depletion (low DO) | — |
| Morris Lake | Lucas | F | Oxygen depletion (low DO) | — |
| Lake Orient | Adair | F | Algal growth, pH / acidity, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Lake Anita | Cass | F | Turbidity | ✓ |
| Roberts Creek Lake | Marion | F | Turbidity | — |
| Prairie Rose Lake | Shelby | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Lake Miami Max Depth | Monroe | F | Mercury, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Summit Lake | Union | F | Algal growth, PCBs, Turbidity | — |
| Rodgers Lake | Benton | F | Algal growth | — |
| Center Lake | Dickinson | F | Turbidity | — |
| Lower Pine Lake | Hardin | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Mckinley Lake | Union | F | Algal growth, PCBs, Turbidity | — |
| Brushy Creek Lake | Webster | F | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Lake Icaria | Adams | F | Turbidity | ✓ |
| Rock Creek Max Depth Lake | Jasper | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Red Haw Lake | Lucas | F | Mercury | — |
| Lake Keomah | Mahaska | F | Algal growth, Mercury, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) +1 more | ✓ |
| Beaver Lake | Dallas | F | Algal growth, pH / acidity | ✓ |
| Fin And Feather Lake | Cerro Gordo | F | pH / acidity | — |
| Five Island Lake | Palo Alto | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Avenue of the Saints Lake | Bremer | F | Algal growth, pH / acidity, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Big Creek Tmdl 3 Lake | Polk | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Spring Lake Max Depth | Greene | F | Turbidity | ✓ |
| Big Creek Tmdl 1 Lake | Polk | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Lake Darling Max Depth | Washington | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), pH / acidity +1 more | ✓ |
| Desoto Bend Lake | Harrison | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | — |
| Big Creek 319 Lake | Polk | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Eldred Sherwood Lake | Hancock | F | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Lake Manawa | Pottawattamie | F | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | — |
| Big Hollow Lake | Des Moines | F | Algal growth, pH / acidity, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Wilson Lake | Taylor | F | Turbidity | — |
| Ottumwa Lagoon Max Depth Lake | Wapello | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Arbor Lake Max Depth | Poweshiek | F | Algal growth, Sediment / turbidity | ✓ |
| Big Creek Tmdl 2 Lake | Polk | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Lake of Three Fires Max Depth | Taylor | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), pH / acidity +1 more | ✓ |
| Lake Geode | Des Moines | F | Mercury, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), pH / acidity | ✓ |
| Browns Lake | Woodbury | F | Turbidity | — |
| Williamson Pond Max Depth | Lucas | F | Turbidity | ✓ |
| Indian Lake | Van Buren | F | Turbidity | ✓ |
| Ingham Lake | Emmet | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Smith Lake | Kossuth | F | Algal growth | ✓ |
| Lake Hendricks | Howard | F | Algal growth | — |
| Windmill Lake | Taylor | F | Turbidity | ✓ |
| Little River Lake | Decatur | F | Mercury, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Blue Lake | Monona | F | Turbidity | ✓ |
| Pierce Creek Lake | Page | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Lake Pahoja | Lyon | F | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Volga Lake | Fayette | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Rkcrk 4 Lake | Jasper | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Pine Lake South Beach | Hardin | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Alice Wyth Lake | Black Hawk | F | Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Iowa Lk3 Lake | Iowa | F | Algal growth, Mercury, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Rkcrk 5 Lake | Jasper | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Lpinelk T Lake | Hardin | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Corydon Reservoir | Wayne | F | Pesticides | ✓ |
| Rock Creek Beach Lake | Jasper | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Rkcrk 1 Lake | Jasper | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Lpinelk 3 Lake | Hardin | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Rkcrk 2 Lake | Jasper | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Rkcrk 3 Lake | Jasper | F | Algal growth, Turbidity | ✓ |
| Lpinelk 2 Lake | Hardin | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Iowa Lk4 Lake | Iowa | F | Algal growth, Mercury, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Lpinelk 1 Lake | Hardin | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) | ✓ |
| Prairie Rose Station 60 Lake | Shelby | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Prairie Rose Station 70 Lake | Shelby | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Prairie Rose Station 40 Lake | Shelby | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
| Prairie Rose Station 50 Lake | Shelby | F | Algal growth, Pathogens (E. coli, fecal), Turbidity | ✓ |
Frequently Asked Questions
How many lakes are impaired in Wisconsin?
136 of 189 graded Wisconsin lakes (72%) are listed as impaired in the most recent EPA ATTAINS reporting cycle. Of those, 83 are on the federal Clean Water Act §303(d) list and 97 have an approved Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) restoration plan.
What does Clean Water Act §303(d) mean?
Section 303(d) of the federal Clean Water Act requires every state to identify waters that don't meet water quality standards even after pollution control measures. Each listed water must then have a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) developed — a plan that caps how much of each pollutant can enter the waterbody. The "303(d) list" is the impaired-waters list. The EPA reviews each state's list every two years.
What are the top causes of impairment in Wisconsin?
The most common causes flagged across Wisconsin's impaired lakes are: Algal growth (82 lakes); Turbidity (81 lakes); Pathogens (E. coli, fecal) (46 lakes); Mercury (18 lakes); pH / acidity (14 lakes); Oxygen depletion (low DO) (7 lakes). Mercury is widespread in fish tissue across the upper Midwest from atmospheric deposition. Nutrient impairment (phosphorus, nitrogen) typically reflects agricultural runoff and urban stormwater.
Can I swim in an impaired lake?
It depends on the cause of impairment. A lake impaired for "mercury in fish tissue" is generally safe to swim in — the warning is about long-term consumption of fish. A lake impaired for "pathogens" (E. coli) or "algal growth" may pose a swimming risk and often has a separate beach advisory. Check the cause categories listed for each lake below, and consult your state health department's beach monitoring program for current advisories.
Where does this impairment data come from?
Every impairment record on this page comes from the EPA's ATTAINS (Assessment and TMDL Tracking and Implementation System) public dataset, the federal repository of state-reported water quality assessments. EPA ATTAINS is published as GeoParquet files on the EPA Office of Water S3 bucket and refreshed several times per year. Causes and use-support codes follow EPA's standard taxonomy.
Data source
Impairment data from the EPA ATTAINS (Assessment and TMDL Tracking and Implementation System) public dataset. Assessment unit IDs are matched to LakeGrade waterbodies by name and proximity; some lakes may not appear here if their ATTAINS name doesn't match our naming convention. For an official query, consult Wisconsin's state water-quality agency.